COAT article in the Ottawa Citizen (August 8, 2000)
Letters to the Editor
The Ottawa Citizen
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Canada's Peacekeeping Myth
By Richard Sanders
The belief that Canada is a major force for global peace forms the basis of a
powerful myth that is integral to our culture. This myth shapes the
image that we have constructed of ourselves and moulds the way that others see
us. Like all myths, it has very little basis in reality. The symbolic
gestures and diplomatic postures that our government parades in public, compose
a carefully calculated mask to hide their behind-the-scenes actions. Our
government makes proud statements about its restrictive arms trade guidelines
while encouraging and assisting military producers to make deals that undermine
international peace and security. During this, the UN Year for a Culture of
Peace, Canadian peace activists will continue to challenge our national
"peacemaker" myth by helping people face the truth about this
country's real role as a "war maker." To do this, it is
important to expose Canada's active participation in:
the international arms trade,
undeclared wars against Iraq, Somalia and Yugoslavia, in the 1990s,
the provision of weapons testing ranges (air, land and sea) for use by foreign militaries,
a military alliance that threatens to use nuclear weapons, i.e., NATO,
the proliferation of uranium and nuclear power plants.
International Arms Trade
Canada was the world's ninth largest arms exporter in 1997.1 We ranked
even higher, however, in terms of our military exports to the "Third
World." In that category, we ranked seventh. Data on Canada's
military exports are contained in reports published by the Department of Foreign
Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), called Export of Military Goods
from Canada. These reports are significantly flawed. They omit all
data on military exports to the U.S., which is by far, our largest buyer.
The magnitude of this flaw is evidenced by DFAIT's estimate that 80% of Canadian
military exports in 1997 went to the U.S.
Toothless Guidelines
As anyone who has written to protest Canada's military exports will know,
DFAIT is proud of its 'guidelines' governing military exports. These
guidelines state, in part, that: "Canada closely controls the export
of military goods and technology to countries that are involved in or under
imminent threat of hostilities... and whose governments have a persistent record
of serious violations of the human rights of their citizens, unless it can be
demonstrated that there is no reasonable risk that the goods might be used
against the civilian population." These guidelines are worse than
toothless, they are essentially meaningless. They do not state that
Canadian companies cannot sell military equipment to governments engaged in war,
or that might be used against civilians. They merely state that such sales
will be "closely controlled." In the bureaucratic,
through-the-looking-glass world of government bureaucracies, "closely
controlled" can actually refer to concerted efforts to assist corporations
in their relentless drive to increase military exports (as long as that increase
is "closely controlled"). DFAIT's most recently published policy document on aerospace and defense sector
exports, states that: "China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan and the
Philippines offer potential for Canadian defense products.... Australia offers
important opportunities for defense...in addition to good prospects for the
development of strategic alliances aimed at penetrating markets in Southeast
Asia.... Countries such as Chile, Argentina, Mexico and Peru represent emerging
markets that require strategic positioning by Canada and Canadian A&D [i.e.,
"aerospace and defense" (sic)] firms, especially in terms of follow-up
to the success of Canadian participation at FIDAE '96 [Latin America's largest
arms bazaar!]. The Middle East remains an important market, particularly for security-security firms.... The
region accounts for more than 40% of all product-product transfers and is
expected to absorb over $150 billion by the year 2000. Saudi Arabia is
expected to purchase $32 billion worth of military equipment and other targets
include the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait."6
Aiding and Abetting Wars
During the 1990s, Canada exported military equipment to several governments
engaged in war. Chief among these was, of course, the U.S. that has always
been Canada's largest purchaser of military equipment. Even during the worst
excesses of the 1960s - during the Vietnam War, when three million people were
killed in Southeast Asia - Canadian industries were assisted by our government
in ensuring a steady supply of military hardware to fuel the U.S. war machine. The
fact that the U.S. has engaged in more interventions and invasions than any
other country this century has never stopped the Canadian government from
actively promoting military exports to our friendly neighbor to the south.
Neither have Canada's military exports been stopped because the U.S. has armed, financed, trained and equipped dozens of
covert wars, organized death squads, backed military coups against elected
governments, undermined and rigged elections, assassinated foreign leaders and
propped up ruthless dictators who offer bargain basement, union-free factories
and all-round cheap access to natural resources.7 In 1991, the U.S. led the
devastating war against Iraq, and with the support of Canada and the UN, has
lead the economic blockade which has killed almost two million people!
Canada also supplied military hardware to many of the other "coalition
forces" which participated in that war. In 1998, the U.S. overtly
bombed Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan. One might reasonably expect that the U.S.
government's standing as the world's rogue superpower and its unbridled thirst
for starting wars and backing military dictatorships, should mean that it would
be subject to more arms export restrictions than other, less violent
governments. Unfortunately, as usual, the opposite is true. Our government
has never placed any restrictions on military exports to the U.S. In fact,
there is only one country for which Canadian companies have never been required
to obtain military export permits from our government. That country is, of
course, the U.S. In the 1990s, DFAIT permitted military exports to at least 17
governments that engaged in wars during the late 1990s.8 These mostly
internal wars, which SIPRI and the Center for Defense Information called
"major armed conflicts," were in: Algeria, Bangladesh, Cambodia,
Ethiopia, India,
Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka,
Turkey, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia and Zaire. Canada's declared
military exports to these warring nations, during the 1990s, totaled just over
$300 million.
Supporting Repression
One need only examine the evidence amassed here to see that Canadian
corporations and the government are still very much complicit in crimes against
peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Some of the governments
purchasing Canadian military hardware are notorious for violating human rights.
Many so-called "security" forces armed by Canada are well known to
routinely engage in torture and extra judicial executions. In 1998, the
following countries purchased Canadian military hardware, even though torture by
their military and/or police was reported that year by Amnesty International to
be "widespread," "endemic," "systematic,"
"officially sanctioned," "frequent" or
"commonplace": Argentina, Brazil, China, Egypt, Israel, Mexico, Peru,
Philippines, Turkey and Venezuela. Between 1990 and 1998, the Canadian
government permitted the military exports to numerous undemocratic and
repressive regimes. For instance, Canada has sold arms to:
Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Oman: Countries which have never had any elections;
Bahrain: Its only legislature has been dissolved by decree since 1975;
Kuwait: Women still do not have the right to vote or stand for election;
Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Lebanon, Pakistan, Singapore, St. Vincent, Togo and Turkey: Women held less than 5% of the seats in parliament in 1999;
Bahrain, China, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE: Unions, strikes and collective bargaining are strictly outlawed; and
India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Russia,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and UAE: Central governments
spent more on their militaries than on health and education combined.
Canada is selling military hardware to foreign police and
military institutions that are well known to be regularly and systematically
abusing human rights. The regimes that our government continues to prop up
are guilty of the most extreme forms of civil rights violations: secret arrests,
unfair trials, cruel treatment of prisoners, torture, disappearances and extra judicial
executions. Economic and social rights to education, health, housing and
employment are ignored or undermined by many recipients of Canadian military
exports. Canada is selling tools of war and repression to many regimes
spending vast amounts on security structures to quell demonstrations and
strikes by those striving for a better life. For several years, the UN has
declared Canada to be the best place in the world to live. Does this
privileged rank depend upon exploiting our position in an unjust global economic
order? When purchasing inexpensive products from farms, mines and
factories around the world, we might ask ourselves: Why are these products so
cheap? Do the workers receive fair wages? Are their living and
working conditions safe and healthy? Dismantling the myth of "Canada
the Peacemaker," is one step toward building a culture of peace in which
citizens refuse to support corporations and governments that are profiting from
war and repression.
Richard Sanders is coordinator of the Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade.